• GLEAM-Hybrid

      A deep-learning based GLEAM now under review | Data soon to be available

      4DMED Hydrology

      A new ESA project building upon DTE-Hydrology to recreate a Digital Twin Earth focused on the Mediterranean

      GLEAM v3.5 datasets now available

      The GLEAM v3.5 datasets can be obtained via Downloads

      State of the Climate in 2020

      BAMS released its report using GLEAM assess the multi-decadal variability in terrestrial evaporation

      GLEAM @ High Resolution

      In collaboration with VanderSat we are currently producing high-resolution evaporation data

      Why not 'evapotranspiration'?

      In a new commentary we explain our rationale for avoiding this notorious term

    • Method

      Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model

       

      AMSR-E

      General

      The Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) is a set of algorithms that separately estimate the different components of land evaporation (often referred to as 'evapotranspiration’): transpiration, bare-soil evaporation, interception loss, open-water evaporation and sublimation. Additionally, GLEAM provides surface and root-zone soil moisture, potential evaporation and evaporative stress conditions.

       

      The rationale of the method is to maximize the recovery of information on evaporation contained in current satellite observations of climatic and environmental variables.

       

      GLEAM concept

      Description

      The Priestley and Taylor equation in GLEAM calculates potential evaporation based on observations of surface net radiation and near-surface air temperature. Estimates of potential evaporation for the land fractions of bare soil, tall canopy and short canopy are converted into actual evaporation using a multiplicative evaporative stress factor based on observations of microwave Vegetation Optical Depth (VOD) and estimates of root-zone soil moisture. The latter are calculated using a multi-layer running-water balance. To try to correct for random forcing errors, observations of surface soil moisture are also assimilated into the soil profile. Interception loss is calculated separately in GLEAM using a Gash analytical model. Finally, estimates of actual evaporation for water bodies and regions covered by ice and/or snow are based on a modified Priestley and Taylor equation.

       

      Key features

      1. Consideration of soil moisture constraint on evaporation.
      2. Detailed parameterization of forest interception.

      3. Extensive use of microwave observations, which provides an advantage under cloudy conditions.

    • Datasets

      General

      Since its development in 2011, GLEAM has been continuously revised and updated. In 2017, a third version of the model (GLEAM v3) was published.

       

      The GLEAM v3 includes:

      1. A new data assimilation scheme that has been validated for Australia (Martens et al., 2016) and that has been optimised to work at the global scale.
      2. An updated water balance module that describes the infiltration rates as a function of the vertical gradient in soil moisture.
      3. Updated evaporative stress functions that combine the vegetation optical depth and the root-zone soil moisture estimates.

      This version is described in detail by Martens et al. (2017, GMD).

      Evaporation Components from GLEAM

      Version 3.5 datasets

      Two datasets (v3.5a and v3.5b) which include the following 10 products:

      1. Actual Evaporation (E) 
      2. Soil Evaporation (Eb)  
      3. Interception Loss (Ei)
      4. Potential Evaporation (Ep) 
      5. Snow Sublimation (Es)
      6. Transpiration (Et)
      7. Open-water Evaporation (Ew)
      8. Evaporative Stress (S)
      9. Root-zone Soil Moisture (SMroot)
      10. Surface Soil Moisture (SMsurf)

      These two datasets differ only in their forcing and temporal coverage:

      • GLEAM v3.5a: a global dataset spanning the 41-year period from 1980 (January 1st) to 2020 (December 31st). The dataset is based on satellite and reanalysis data (ERA5 net radiation and air temperature).
      • GLEAM v3.5b: a global dataset spanning the 18-year period from 2003 (January 1st) to 2020 (July 31st). The dataset is based on satellite data.

      Key differences between v3.5 and the previous (v3.3) release:

      • The v3.5 datasets are produced using a new Python version of GLEAM.
      • Both v3.5a and v3.5b use the latest version of MSWEP precipitation (v2.8), ESA-CCI soil moisture (v5.3), and VODCA VOD.
      • The v3.5b dataset uses the latest version of CERES radiation (v4.1) and AIRS temperature (v7.0).
      • The vegetation fractional cover in v3.5b comes from MOD44B instead of the MEaSUREs dataset (still used in v3.5a).
      • The variable potential evaporation is now released including interception loss.

      For more detailed information, users are directed to the readme file on the server or the FAQ.

    • User policy

      The datasets described in the above section are freely available.

      Acknowledgements

      Whenever GLEAM v3 datasets are used in a scientific publication, the following references should be cited:

      1. Martens, B., Miralles, D.G., Lievens, H., van der Schalie, R., de Jeu, R.A.M., Fernández-Prieto, D., Beck, H.E., Dorigo, W.A., and Verhoest, N.E.C.: GLEAM v3: satellite-based land evaporation and root-zone soil moisture, Geoscientific Model Development, 10, 1903–1925, doi: 10.5194/gmd-10-1903-2017, 2017.
      2. Miralles, D.G., Holmes, T.R.H., de Jeu, R.A.M., Gash, J.H., Meesters, A.G.C.A., Dolman, A.J.: Global land-surface evaporation estimated from satellite-based observations, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 15, 453–469, doi: 10.5194/hess-15-453-2011, 2011.

      The current v3.5 datasets have been produced by Dr. Akash Koppa and Dr. Dominik Rains.

      Scientific use

      GLEAM datasets cannot be used for commercial purposes.

      Feedback

      Any feedback about the datasets is highly appreciated and can be sent to info@gleam.eu.

    • Publications

      Methodology description

      1. Martens, B., Miralles, D.G., Lievens, H., van der Schalie, R., de Jeu, R.A.M., Fernández-Prieto, D., Beck, H.E., Dorigo, W.A., and Verhoest, N.E.C.: GLEAM v3: satellite-based land evaporation and root-zone soil moisture, Geoscientific Model Development, 10, 1903–1925, 2017.
      2. Martens, B., Miralles, D.G., Lievens, H., Fernández-Prieto, D., Verhoest, N.E.C.: Improving terrestrial evaporation estimates over continental Australia through assimilation of SMOS soil moisture, International Journal of Applied Earth Observations and Geoinformation, 48, 146–162,  2016.
      3. Miralles, D.G., Holmes, T.R.H., de Jeu, R.A.M., Gash, J.H., Meesters, A.G.C.A., Dolman, A.J.: Global land-surface evaporation estimated from satellite-based observations, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 15, 453–469, 2011.
      4. Miralles, D.G., de Jeu, R.A.M., Gash, J.H., Holmes, T.R.H., Dolman, A.J.: Magnitude and variability of land evaporation and its components at the global scale, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 15, 967–981, 2011.
      5. Miralles, D.G., Gash, J.H., Holmes, T.R.H., de Jeu, R.A.M., Dolman, A.J.: Global canopy interception from satellite observations, Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, D16122, 2010.

      Selected publications using GLEAM data

      1. Schumacher, D.L., Keune, J., Heerwaarden, C.C., de Arellano, J.V-G., Teuling, A.J. and Miralles, D.G.: Amplification of mega-heatwaves through heat torrents fuelled by upwind drought, Nature Geoscience, doi:10.1038/s41561-019-0431-6, 2019.
      2. Martens, B., Waegeman, W., Dorigo, W.A., Verhoest, N.E.C., Miralles, D.G. Terrestrial evaporation response to modes of climate variability, npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 43, 1, 2018.  
      3. Good, S.P., Moore, G.W., Miralles, D.G.: A mesic maximum in biological water use demarcates biome sensitivity to aridity shifts. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 2017.
      4. Forzieri, G., Alkama, R., Miralles, D.G., Cescatti, A.: Satellites reveal contrasting responses of regional climate to the widespread greening of Earth, Science, 2017.

      5. Teuling, A.J., Taylor, C.M., Meirink, J.F., Melsen, L.A., Miralles, D.G., van Heerwaarden, C.C., Vautard, R., Stegehuis, A.I., Nabuurs, G.-J., de Arellano, J.V.-G.: Observational evidence for cloud cover enhancement over western European forests, Nature Communications, 8, 14065, 2017.

      6. Guillod, B.P., Orlowsky, B, Miralles, D.G., Teuling, A.J., Seneviratne, S.I.: Reconciling spatial and temporal soil moisture effects on afternoon rainfall, Nature Communications, 6, 1–6, 2015.
      7. Greve, P., Orlowsky, B., Mueller, B., Sheffield, J., Reichstein, M., Seneviratne S.I.: Global assessment of trends in wetting and drying over land, Nature Geoscience, 7, 716–721, 2014.
      8. Miralles, D.G., Teuling, A.J., van Heerwaarden, C.C., Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, J.: Mega-heatwave temperatures due to combined soil dessiccation and atmospheric heat accumulation, Nature Geoscience, 7, 2014.
      9. Miralles, D.G., van den Berg, M.J., Gash, J.H., Parinussa, R.M., de Jeu, R.A.M., Beck, H.E., Holmes, T, Jiménez, C., Verhoest, N.E.C., Dorigo, W.A., Teuling, A.J., Dolman, A.J.: El Niño–La Niña cycle and recent trends in continental evaporation, Nature Climate Change, 4, 122–126, 2014.

      10. Zhang, Y., Peña-Arancibia, J.L., McVicar, T.R., Chiew, F.H.S., Vaze, J., Liu, C., Lu, X., Zheng, H., Wang., Y., Liu, Y.Y., Miralles, D.G., Pan M.: Multi-decadal trends in global terrestrial evapotranspiration and its components, Scientific Reports, 5, 19124, 2016.

    • Highlights

      . . . from the GLEAM front

       

      'Evapotranspiration'

      GLEAM-Hybrid

      12/01/2022

      A deep-learning based hybrid version of GLEAM is now under review – data will soon to be available, and sample codes can be found here.

      GLEAM high resolution

      4DMED–Hydrology

      18/12/2021

      A new initiative building upon DTE–Hydrology and funded by the European Space Agency (ESA) aims to recreate a Digital Twin Earth focused on the water cycle for the Mediterranean.

      State of the Climate

      State of the Climate in 2020

      14/08/2021

      BAMS released its report on the State of the Climate in 2000. The Land Evaporation section uses GLEAM data sets to assess the multi-decadal variability in terrestrial evaporation.

      GLEAM v3.5 datasets available

      25/02/2021

      Updated versions of the GLEAM datasets (v3.5a and v3.5b) are now available in our server. They cover up to the end of 2020. Please register under Downloads to obtain access.

      GLEAM high resolution

      GLEAM @ High-resolution

      21/09/2020

      Through our collaboration with VanderSat, high-resolution 100 meter evaporation data are produced for The Netherlands at real-time, including 3-day forecasts.

      'Evapotranspiration'

      Why not 'evapotranspiration'?

      17/11/2020

      A new commentary published in WRR reviews the origin and controversies surrounding the term 'evapotranspiration' and argues in favour of the traditional term 'evaporation'.

    • Frequently Asked Questions

       

      1. After registration on the website, I didn’t receive the login details. What should I do?
        Login details are automatically sent to the email address submitted on the website. If you did not receive login details within one hour after registration, please check your SPAM-folder. If you did not receive any email after that time, you can send your request to info@gleam.eu.
         
      2. I am not able to connect to the server, what am I doing wrong?
        Carefully read the login details and make sure that you are using the right credentials. Also make sure that you are defining the right file transfer protocol, being SFTP (Secure File Transfer Protocol). Check your firewall settings to make sure that the access to our server through port 2225 is not blocked.
         
      3. What is terrestrial evaporation, and how does it relate to the latent heat flux and evapotranspiration?
        Terrestrial evaporation is the total flux of water from land into the atmosphere (typically expressed in mm) from soil (bare soil evaporation), plant surfaces (interception loss), water surfaces (open-water evaporation), and through plant stomata (transpiration). This flux is often referred to as “evapotranspiration”. The associated consumption of energy to change the phase of water from liquid to gas during the process, is the latent heat flux (typically expressed in W.m-2), and can be calculated by accounting for the latent heat of vaporization. More information on the use of "evapotranspiration".
         
      4. Where can I find more information about GLEAM?
        A detailed description of the methodology is provided in different scientific articles listed under Publications.
         
      5. Are the data direct observations? What is their accuracy?
        Actual evaporation is not directly measured from space. The articles under Publications contain a subset of the validations, product inter-comparisons and error analyses undergone to date.
         
      6. Are the estimates from GLEAM directly comparable with eddy-covariance latent heat flux measurements?
        Due to several issues, both estimates cannot be directly compared, and validation studies should be carefully designed: (1) the footprint of eddy-covariance towers is typically on the order of 1 km, while GLEAM pixels cover an area that is substantially larger (~25 x 25 km). This results in a representativity error, especially in heterogeneous areas; (2) the energy balance at eddy-covariance sites is generally not closed, and the actual latent heat flux tends to be underestimated; (3) eddy-covariance measurements are unreliable during rain events. Because interception fluxes can be large in nature – and so will GLEAM estimates of this flux – we strongly recommend masking times of rain and interception fluxes when comparing to eddy-covariance measurements. This is common practice in validation studies.
         
      7. Why are there negative values in the evaporation dataset?
        Missing data is indicated with a value of “-999” for all variables. Negative values (apart from “-999”) in the evaporation data indicate a negative latent heat flux, and thus a net condensation of water vapour. This typically occurs when the net radiation at the surface is negative.
         
      8. At what spatial and temporal resolution are the data available?
        All datasets are available on a 0.25° latitude-longitude regular grid and at daily temporal resolution.
         
      9. Why is there no data available over oceans?
        GLEAM is only designed to estimate evaporation over land surfaces.
         
      10. Is the forcing data of GLEAM available on the server?
        The forcing of GLEAM is not available from the server. All data used to force GLEAM are freely available from the respective data portals. References for all datasets are provided in the README file on the server and/or in Martens et al. (2017).
         
      11. Are the static parameters of GLEAM available from the server?
        The static parameters of GLEAM (e.g. soil properties) are not available from the server. All data used are freely available from the respective data portals. References for all datasets are provided in the README file on the server and/or in Martens et al. (2017).
         
      12. How is the data structured?
        The data is provided in netcdf format, with one file per year and variable. A README file is available on the server describing the structure of the data in full detail.
         
      13. What is the difference between the GLEAM v3.5a and v3.5b datasets?
        These datasets are produced using the same methodology, but different forcing datasets. They also differ in their temporal coverage. A detailed description is provided under Datasets and in the README file available on the server.
         
      14. Why are the last months missing in the GLEAM v3.5b dataset?
        Due to the latency in CERES radiation data, GLEAM v3.5b can currently only be produced until July 2020.
         
      15. How often are the datasets updated?
        Datasets are typically updated and extended once a year, and are generally released around March. All users are notified when new data is available.
         
      16. Are old versions of the dataset still available for download?
        When a new version of a dataset is released, the older version becomes obsolete and is removed from the server. However, previous versions are still available upon request.

    • Contact

      Any questions or feedback? Contact us!

    • Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
      Ghent University
      European Space Agency
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